The “afrocentric” view of the history of Egypt matched against the facts
is not only interesting to all historical Revisionists but vividly
displays a lesson to present-day americans and europeans. Are we following the same
path that Egypt has chosen?
By John Tiffany
Egypt is vitally important to anyone who really wants to understand the
workings of history. This is a country whose saga is so long and so
varied that it provides, in effect, an excellent laboratory for the
science of history. Any general theory of history that holds true for
5,000 or more years of Egypt’s existence must hold true for the world at
large. That is why the “afrocentric” view of Egyptian history is so
alarming.
Afrocentrism is a kind of pseudo-history that was concocted by those who
felt that white and Asian people seemed to play too large a role in
historiography. The afrocentrists decry true history as “eurocentric.”
One of the fundamental ideas of the afrocentric multicultural
pseudoscience is that Egypt is the source of civilization (including
Greco-European civilization and the native civilizations of the New
World), and that during its glory days, the people of Egypt were black.
Another key idea of these so-called “melanin scholars” is that melanin, a
widely distributed pigment in nature, found in all humans, has
extraordinary—indeed, magical—properties that are best manifested in
Negroid people. They claim (based on no evidence) that melanin is a
superconductor, that it absorbs all frequencies of the electromagnetic
spectrum, that it can convert sound energy to light energy and vice
versa, and that it can function as a microcomputer to process
information.
Here is a summary of the bizarre cosmogonic doctrine of afrocentrism:
When, in accordance with the will of Allah, the Earth was separated from
Luna by an explosion in the year 65,999,999,998,062 B.C., there
appeared on the planet the black race. For almost 66 trillion years
those perfect beings dwelt in perfect happiness, speaking Arabic and
leading the joyous and unfettered life now to be found in the jungles of
the Congo. The universal bliss was troubled, however, in 4707 B.C.,
when a scientist named Yakub determined to create, artificially, a race
of debased and inferior creatures. He worked steadily for 600 years, and
finally, by “grafting” and “rigid birth control,” he produced the
“blue-eyed devils,” i.e., white men, who are physically weak and totally
evil. Allah, for purposes of his own, and intending the ultimate
exaltation of his chosen people (blacks, in this instance), who are the
only true human beings, permitted the white devils to interfere with
nature and set up that nasty thing called civilization. He even
permitted the vile “spooks” to dominate and enslave the chosen people by
devising the “devil-doctrine” called Christianity. He decreed, however,
that the white swine were to rule the world for exactly 6,000 years.
Their time was up in 1914. (Apparently Christianity was invented about
4000 B.C.) But they are now enjoying a few “years of grace” until the
black man can rise and exterminate them from the face of the Earth and
come into his own again. Of this there can be no doubt, because “all
history” has been “written in advance by 24 black scientists.”
The afrocentric “scholars” such as Theophile Obenga and Senegal’s Cheikh
Anta Diop seek to sell books to individuals, including demoralized
white liberals, who want to read what they want to believe, regardless
of whether or not these claims fall within the bounds of reality and
reason.
The average Egyptian of today, or even most members of the higher
classes of that country, is partly Negroid, but the great pharaohs of
olden times (until about 1185 B.C.) were clearly white.1 Could this
explain why Egypt was great in ancient times but is a fourth-rate nation
today?
Exactly what is actually known about the race or races of the ancient
Egyptians? Most Egyptologists would argue that the ancient Egyptians
were an ethnic group of the Caucasian race. In so far as nationality,
the land of kmt or Kemet (the ancient name of the country we now call
Egypt, or “Misr” in Arabic or the biblical name “Mizraim”) in the
Hamitic language means black. Scholars have debated the etymology of the
word “Kemet” for years. Afrocentric-minded scholars argue that it
translates as “the land of the blacks,” whereas eurocentric-minded
scholars argue that it translates as “the black land.” The former would
refer to the people (ostensibly a predominantly Negro population), and
the latter would refer to the soil (black silt, originating from the
Nile River during the seasonal inundation).
Blacks have been present in Egypt from very early times, if not from the
beginning. It has even been suggested by some scholars that Egyptian
civilization only arose because there were both whites and blacks
present, the whites to provide the ruling class and the blacks to
provide the slaves, without whom the rulers would not have had the
leisure time necessary to create a civilization. Therefore it is only to
be expected that blacks have been depicted in ancient Egyptian art. But
this certainly does not in itself prove that Negroes were preponderant
in Egypt. Afrocentrists point to various busts showing Negro types in
Egypt, but a curious thing about these busts is that they nearly all
date from a late period, the 25th dynasty (730 B.C.-633 B.C.), a
degenerate era, when Egypt had the Negroid pharaoh Tahara on the throne.
The hot, dry sands of Egypt have preserved through more than 60
centuries the remains of countless multitudes of the earliest people
known to have dwelt in the Nile Valley; and not the bones only, but also
their skin and hair plus the muscles and organs of the body. Even such
delicate tissues as the nerves and the brain and the lens of the eye are
available for examination today. We are able to form a very precise
idea of the structure of the body of the Proto-Egyptian (first
Egyptians). For example the hair in almost all cases presented no
resemblance whatever to the “woolly” appearance of Negro hair.
Of the remains exhumed of these first Egyptians, according to Earnest
Sevier Cox, “not more than 2 percent showed definitely a Negro
admixture, and possibly an additional 2 percent showed a suspicion of
Negro blood.”
From the 18th dynasty (1580-1350 B.C.) to the 25th (663-525 B.C.) is a
period of six centuries. They mark the decay of Egyptian civilization.
During this period Egyptian initiative and ingenuity slowly declined.
When a mulatto was received as king, religion had fallen from an ethical
test for the life hereafter to a cult of animal worship. The early
pharaohs built the pyramids and temples which stand today. The later
pharaohs built nothing of significance; instead, they cut out the names
of the early kings and inserted their names upon some of the greatest
architectural achievements of the world. Art, science, and literature
were dead.
Egyptian contact with the Negro peoples to the south, beginning in
prehistoric times, had been continuous. It is known that Negroes
constituted a small percentage of the population prior to the dynastic
age, and also that there were some mixed breeds even at this remote
date.
This Negroid monarchy was the result of intermixture with a ruling class
that was originally white. This miscegenation finally resulted in the
extinction of Egyptian culture.
It may be noted that a bust of a pharaoh created outside his own time
cannot be relied upon as being an accurate representation. As an
artistic convention, artists of the 25th dynasty would portray even
kings of older times as black. For example, there are no images of Menes
(Narmer), dating from his own time. (Menes, about 3100 B.C., was the
first of the Egyptian pharaohs.) The 25th dynasty artists who attempted a
rendition of Menes may not have had an inkling as to what he actually
looked like. The nearest thing we have to a contemporary image of Menes
is the Palette of Narmer, a famous artifact that has been dated to about
3000 B.C., and which was used for preparing cosmetics. Carvings of
Menes appear on both sides of the object and clearly depict him as a
white man.
Furthermore, Menes was only the first of a string of eight pharaohs in
his dynasty, and no one, not even the afrocentrists, has claimed that
the other seven, his descendants, were other than white men.
Another myth propounded by the afrocentrists is that Pharaoh Akhenaten,
generally (although inaccurately) credited with (or blamed for) the
propagation of monotheism,2 was black. However, a bust of the pharaoh
made during his life is clearly that of a white man. His mummy matches
the bust except that the nose is somewhat flattened—clearly a
distortion, caused probably by the bandaging. It is this flattened nose
that serves as the basis for the absurd claims that Akhenaten was a
Negro.
Similarly, the claim is put forth that the second king of the Third
Dynasty, Zoser (Djoser; he is also known as Netjerykhet; 2630-2611
B.C.), who built what is often (but probably quite wrongly) described as
the “first pyramid,” at Saqara, was a black with a flat nose, thick
lips and a protruding lower jaw. This claim is based on a limestone
statue, which was found in the otherwise empty tomb complex at Saqara.
The statue is badly damaged, and the way the lips have been smashed has
caused them to look somewhat like Negro lips. Based on this flimsy
evidence, the black supremacists have labeled the statue that of a black
man.
There is, however, in existence one other depiction of Zoser, carved on a
wall at Saqara, and this bas-relief shows him clearly to be a
Caucasoid, unfortunately for the afrocentrists.
Red hair, of course, is a feature that is very seldom found in any other
race than whites, and particularly the Nordic subrace of white people.
Another line advocated by the afrocentrists is that there is no proof
that Pharaoh Ramesses II had red hair. Admittedly, the hair of the mummy
of the great pharaoh was touched up with henna—his hair having grayed
with age while he was living. But microscopic study of the mummy’s hair
by French Prof. P.F. Ceccaldi and his research team has proved that
Ramesses II was indeed a redhead.
Although the pharaoh was 90 years old when he died, and basically the
color of the mummy’s hair (reddish-yellow) was caused by dying with a
henna solution, the professor found that the hair roots had retained
traces of natural red pigmentation, and that therefore during his youth
Ramesses had been red haired. Ceccaldi also studied the cross-sectional
shape of the hairs he was allowed to test, and found them to be oval in
cross section. This showed that the Egyptian leader was wavy haired, or
cymotrich. He said this combination of characteristics shows Ramesses
was a leucoderm (white person).
These facts have not only anthropological interest, but also great
symbolic importance. In ancient Egypt, the god Seth was said to have
been red-haired, and redheads were claimed to have worshiped the god
devoutly. In a Ramesses study, the Egyptologist Desroches-Noblecourt
wrote an essay, in which she discussed the importance of Ramesses’
rufous condition. She noted that the Ramessides (the family of Ramesses
II), were devoted to Seth, with several bearing the name Seti, which
means “beloved of Seth.” She concluded that the Ramessides believed
themselves to be divine descendants of Seth, with their red hair as
proof of their lineage; they may even have used this peculiar physical
feature to propel themselves out of obscurity, and onto the throne of
the pharaohs. Desroches-Noblecourt also speculated that Ramesses II may
well have been descended from a long line of redheads.
Her speculations have been proved correct: Dr. Joann Fletcher, a
consultant to the British Bioanthropology Foundation, has proved that
Seti I (the father of Ramesses II), had red hair. It has also been
demonstrated that the mummy of Pharaoh Siptah (a great-grandson of
Ramesses II), has red hair.
Ramesses II is better known as Ramesses the Great. His birth name was
Ramesses Meryamun (“Re has fashioned him, beloved of Amun”), and his
throne name was Usermaatre Setepenre (“The justice of Re is powerful,
Chosen of Re”). Although different authorities give different dates, he
ruled from about 1279 to 1212 B.C. Known for his military prowess, he
raided the Libyans and Nubians and attacked the Syrians nearly half a
dozen times. He also battled the Hittites and later formed a treaty with
them, marrying two of their princesses. He had eight main queens during
his life, and a total of somewhere around 200 wives, and is said to
have had about 60 daughters and almost 100 sons. Ramesses also built
more temples and monuments than any other pharaoh. His most impressive
project was his temple at Abu Simbel in northern Nubia. This vast temple
was carved into the face of a cliff and features four colossal statues
of himself, each of them 60 feet tall, in a sitting position. Thanks to
some interesting engineering and archeoastronomy, the sun would shine
directly through the entrance of the temple at sunrise on the equinoxes.
Ramesses was the last of the great white native rulers of Egypt. After
his era, Egypt became decadent and degenerate, and Negro blood began to
infiltrate on a large scale.
It is worth noting that the ancient Libyans, by the way, were a white
people. The ancient Libyans extended from Morocco across North Africa to
the Nile Delta. Libyans occupied the western third of the delta during
the early years of the Egyptian civilization and were apparently the
descendants of Cro-Magnon people, by way of the Afalou race, according
to Prof. Carleton S. Coon. Cro-Magnon braincases were larger, on average
(1,617 cc), than those of any modern race of men.
Coon stated that Egypt’s Queen Hetep-Heres II, of the Fourth dynasty,
the daughter of Cheops (Khufu), “is shown in the colored bas-reliefs of
her tomb to have been a distinct blonde. Her hair is painted a bright
yellow stippled with little red horizontal lines, and her skin is
white.”
The North African Nordics resemble the mixed Nordics of Upper
Paleolithic derivation found in Ireland and western Norway more than
they do the ash-blond Nordics of Norway and Sweden. These Nordics of
North Africa are a mixture of brunet Mediterraneans of tall stature and
considerable facial length with Afalou survivors. The blondism of these
Nordics is derived from the Afalou side.
While bigger brains are not always connected with greater intelligence,
there does tend to be a correlation. Both Afalou Man and Cro-Magnon Man
had larger brains than modern men on the average. Both had a cranial
capacity on average of over 1,600 cc, while the average modern man has a
cranial capacity of 1,326 cc. Farmers living at Tushka on the Nile
about 11,000 B.C. had a cranial capacity of 1,452 cc, almost identical
to the brain size of modern northern Europeans (1,453 cc). Modern Cairo
natives, thanks to the influx of Negro genes from south of the Sahara,
are not only darker than ancient Egyptians but their brains are smaller,
averaging only 1,302 cc. Even this is more than the average of modern
African blacks, which is 1,295 cc. Homo sapiens of the Australian
aboriginal race ranges about 1,256 cc.
Also, there is evidence that the non-Egyptian civilizations of
northeastern Africa, namely Nubia, Axum and Meroe, may have been founded
by whites, although (not surprisingly) the afrocentrists claim the
founders were pure Negroes.
The Hpa 1 (np3,592) mitochondrial DNA marker is very common in
sub-Saharan Africa (i.e., African Negroes) but is almost absent in North
African and European populations. It has been found in a Meroitic
sample from ancient Nubia. From 29 individuals analyzed in a recent
study (March 2002) by the University of Barcelona in Spain, only 15
yielded positive results, four of them, or about 27 percent, displaying
the marker. In sub-Saharan Africans, it is found at a frequency of 68.7
percent, on average. This means that the frequency of Negro genes in the
Meroitic population can be estimated at around 39 percent (with a
confidence interval from 22 to 55 percent). This finding should put to
rest afrocentric claims that the ancient Nubians were 100 percent Negro.
If the Meroitic people were 39 percent Negro, it would logically follow
that they must have been approximately 61 percent white. It may then be
that the achievements of the ancient Nubians, such as they were, are
attributable to this component in their ethnic makeup.
Also the Ethiopians were not Negrified in the early days of their
culture. Ancient legends tell of white Ethiopians. Even today, the gene
pool of the Ethiopians is substantially Caucasoid, with little or no
input from the central Africans, who are truly Negroes.
Indeed, according to genetic researchers (as in the book Mapping Human
History by Steve Olson, Houghton Mifflin Co., NY, 2002), blacks are
newcomers in northeastern Africa, originally the homeland of the white
race. The “Caucasoid” features of various peoples around the world, says
Olson, “may simply reflect the features of the northeastern Africans
who gave rise to all the people of Europe and Asia.” He cites the cases
of the Indians (of India), and various groups in Asia and even in the
Americas, and “groups such as the Australian aborigines and the Ainu.”
Another myth of the afrocentrists is this: “According to the Egyptians
themselves in their Book of the Dead, they came from the south of Egypt.
The ancient Egyptians always held the south in high reverence. Sudan
was commonly called the Land of the Gods.”
Here is the reality, which does not jibe with the afrocentric notions:
The Book of the Dead deals only with religious rituals involving the
dead and the afterlife. It does not refer to the ethnic origins of the
Egyptians. Apparently the afrocentrists rely on the supposition that few
people will obtain and read a full translation of the Book of the Dead
and find out the reference is not to be found in it. Furthermore, when
ancient Egyptians spoke of the south, this was not a reference to the
Negro-inhabited areas of Africa. The city of Thebes, for one example,
was regarded by Egyptians as being in the south, but it is a long
distance north of, say, Sudan. The area shortly south of Thebes was
officially called Nubia, and never referred to as “the south.”
Afrocentrists like to point out that Herodotus described the Egyptian
people as being “black, with woolly hair.” They claim this proves the
ancient Egyptians were Negroes. Herodotus did describe the Egyptian
people he saw as “black, with woolly hair.” But what the afrocentrists
fail to mention is that Herodotus lived about 484-425 B.C. Egyptian
civilization was already dead by his time, the last whites having been
absorbed by about 800 B.C. Thus it would have been unlikely for “the
father of history” to have seen anything but swarthy individuals when he
visited Egypt.
Looking back to earlier and better times, we can take note of the
Egyptian nobleman Yuya, from about 1400 B.C., who had blond hair and
typically Nordic facial structure. Yuya, whose mummy still exists, was
the father of Tiy, the wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
Another notable mummy is that of the female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, who was
the queen of Pharaoh Tuthmoses II. When Tuthmoses died, in 1520 B.C.,
she took over and ruled Egypt. Her long blond hair and Nordic face have
been well preserved by the embalming process.
Another Nordic Egyptian king was Seti I. His mum my is the most lifelike
of the great pharaohs of Egypt, a tribute to the embalmers’ art. His
Nordic features remain clear, and are also depicted in a bas-relief of
his head made during his lifetime at the temple at Abydos.
It is worth noting that many statues of ancient Egyptians are painted
and colored in various ways, and that the eyes are frequently shown as
blue—sometime by using lapis lazuli for the corneas. The wooden statue
of King Hor (c. 1783-1633 B.C.), on display at the Cairo Museum, is
inlaid with striking blue eyes.
Akhenaten, the most innovative of the Egyptian pharaohs, was clearly
white from his contemporary depictions, as was his wife, the lovely
Nefertiti, a fine bust of whom was discovered in the workshop of the
sculptor Thut mose in el-Amarna. Nefertiti was perhaps the most
influential woman of the entire Bronze Age. Geneticists believe she may
be the ancestor of many modern Europeans, through the six daughters she
and Akhenaten had together.
Unfortunately the mummies of only a very few pharaohs have survived into
the 21st century, but a large proportion of those that do remain are
fair-haired. And the evidence is that hair does not change in color as a
result of mummification; it only becomes dry and brittle.
The mummy of the wife of King Tutankhamun is distinguished by its auburn
hair. And an unidentified mummy with red hair, red mustache and red
beard was found by the pyramids at Saqara. The mummy of Pharaoh Thothmes
II has light, chestnut-colored hair.
The Egyptians have also left us many paintings of fair-haired and blue-eyed nobility and royals.
A rule of thumb is that a civilized white country reverts to a lower
level of culture once the population becomes excessively mixed with
alien genes. Portugal is an example; although the average Portuguese
looks white, he actually has about 10 percent black blood, because of
the assimilation of Negro slaves. Portugal was, of course, almost pure
white in its glory days. And if the rulers of a country are visibly
Negroid, it is to be expected that a decline is setting in. Thus, the
black pharaohs of Egypt were also the country’s last pharaohs
(disregarding the later Macedonians such as Cleopatra). After they ruled
for a few generations, Egypt became a land ruled by foreigners until
modern times.
Most of the foreign peoples who overran and conquered the locals of
Egypt were white. The ancient Libyans, a blondish people, who once
dominated North Africa from Morocco to modern Libya, conquered Egypt in
prehistoric times. Indeed, some authorities believe the pharaohs were
actually of the Libyan race, not the Egyptian. The Libyans were also the
ancestors of the modern Berbers. Although today’s Berbers have been
heavily Negrified in most regions, red hair is still common among the
Berbers of the Rif.
Later, around 2000 B.C., the country was overrun by the Hyksos, an
Indo-Iranian race of people. The Hyksos were fond of swastikas and
spirals, as were the Etruscans, the Germanic tribes, the La Tene Kelts
and the Mykenaean Greeks, all of whom were related peoples with more or
less similar cultures. The “horse graves” and the personal and place
names of the Hyksos all attest to their Indo-Iranian origin. It is said
that they rode ponies of Scandinavian origin and used a standard of
weights identical to that used in Sweden at that time.
Then came the Persians, who of course were Aryans. This Nordic people
came down from Russia around 1800 B.C. and set up a caste system to
avoid racial pollution from the darker natives. The Persians went on to
conquer the entire Middle East and parts of Europe, ruling Egypt from
525 to 332 B.C. On the walls of the great palace at Susa there are
paintings of Persian nobles. They have blond hair and blue eyes.
Then it was the Macedonians, followed by the mighty Romans. Both of these are Indo-European peoples.
Then it was the Arabs, and it is worthy of note that two of the first
four leaders of the Arabs in Egypt had gray eyes. In A.D. 868 Ahmed Ibn
El Tulun, a white Turkoman, conquered Egypt. The hordes of Tamerlane,
who himself was blond, briefly invaded Egypt. Then, in 1171, it was
Saladin, a Kurd. The Kurds are a race very closely related to the
Iranians. The Mamelukes from Russia, Turkey and the Caucasus ruled Egypt
from 1260 to 1517 and remained the ruling class until 1803. In 1517 the
Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt, and many Ottoman sultans were Nordic,
such as Orkhan II, who had blond hair, blue eyes and a ruddy complexion.
In 1798 Napoleon conquered—he of the blue eyes. Napoleon as a young man
was a towhead. Then it was the Albanian Indo-European dynasty, founded
by the gray-eyed Mohammed Ali (1805-1953). Next it was the English,
another Nordic Indo-European race, who made Egypt their colony. After
the Brits, it was the (largely Russian) Soviets who effectively
controlled the land, starting about 1960, although they allowed a native
Egyptian puppet to head the government.
Scientists have also looked into the racial makeup of the ancient
Egyptians. Relying on skulls, but not blood groupings or DNA, Loring
Brace, an anthropologist at the University of Michigan, states that the
ancient Egyptians were closer, at least head-wise, to Germans and Danes
than they were to Somalis, Ethiopians, Nubians or Berbers. He dismisses
the term “race” and then revives it disguised as the politically correct
term “cluster.” There are several of these; the two of most interest to
him happen to be the “European” and the “African.” The Egyptians,
according to his findings, definitely belong with the former.
Not only were the ancient Egyptians not black, their nearest relatives
are Europeans: “It is obvious that both the predynastic and late
dynastic Egyptians are more closely related to the European cluster than
they are to any of the other major regional clusters in the world,”
says Brace. The dean of African-American classicists, Frank Snowden,
advises afrocentrists to give up Egypt and focus on Nubia as the first
great black civilization. Brace’s findings would deny even this
concession. Nubians, like the Egyptians, are not part of the “African”
head cluster.
Thus it is seen in all the evidence that the ancient Egyptians, as well
as most of the more recent ruling classes of Egypt, were not black but
white. Was it mixture with neighboring cultures that led to the downfall
of the once-great Egyptian civilization?
The importance of the history of Egypt cannot be overestimated as it
pertains to America. Clearly, our nation is following the course of
Egypt, only over a greatly shortened time. As has been said by so many
philosophers, the sad fact is that men learn nothing from history.
Today, those who do not see the vivid similarity of today’s growing
anarchy, loss of societal comity, lawlessness, distortion and pollution
of our European culture are blind indeed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Aldred, Cyril. The Development of Ancient Egyptian Art. London: Academy Editions, 1973.
Aldred, Cyril. Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs 3100 B.C.-320 B.C. New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Aldred, Cyril. Egyptian Art. Thames and Hudson, 1986.
Andrews, Carol. The British Museum Book of the Rosetta Stone. New York: Dorsett Press, 1981.
Bianchi, Robert S. and Richard A. Fazzini, et al. Cleopatra’s Egypt Age of the Ptolemies. New York: The Brooklyn Museum, 1988.
Cotterell, Maurice. The Tutankhamun Prophecies: The Sacred Secret of the
Maya, Egyptians, and Freemasons. Rochester, Vermont: Bear & Co.,
2001.
Cox, Earnest S. White America. Noontide Press, Los Angeles, California, 1966 (first published in 1923).
Encyclopedia Brittanica, 11th Edition. See “Negro,” Vol. 19, 344.
Freed, Rita E. Egypt’s Golden Age, The Art of Living in the New Kingdom, 1558-1085 B.C. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1981.
Hart, George. Egyptian Myths. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas Press, 1990.
James, T.G.H. and W.V. Davies. Egyptian Sculpture. London: British Museum Publications, 1983.
Macauley, David. Pyramid. Houghton, New York, 1975.
Millard, Anne. Pyramids. London: Aladdin Books Ltd., 1989.
Romano, James F. Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharaohs. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1984.
Spencer, A.J. Death in Ancient Egypt. Penguin Books, Ltd., 1982.
White, J.E. Manchip. Ancient Egypt: Its Culture and Its History. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.
Endnotes:
1 They resembled the mysterious ancient Guanches of the Canary Islands.
See the article, “Evidence for the Ancestors of the Guanches as the
Founders of Predynastic Egypt,” from Lissner’s Historical Review,
website
http://joe3998.tripod. com/lissnerhistoricalreview/id2.html.
2 Many westerners are of the impression that Zarathustra, or Zoroaster,
the legendary founder of Zoroastrianism, was a monotheist. However, if
there even was such a person as Zarathustra, he was not a monotheist,
since there are a number of yashts (hymns) in the Avesta (the
Zoroastrian bible) that celebrate various “lower gods.” Furthermore, in
Zoroastrianism the chief god, Ahura Mazda, is not the sole creator; also
there are dualistic tendencies in the religion, since the good god
Ahura Mazda is counterbalanced by the evil spiritual being (or god)
Ahriman. But to get back to the ancient Egyptians, they recognized a
“force of all forces,” or neter neteru, as they called it, which was a
sort of indefinable Supreme Being—Who has also been recognized by many
or most other “polytheistic” faiths from the earliest times.
Alon
Amir told Sveriges Radio on Tuesday that he and the other two Israelis
were accosted by a group of young men. Amir told the men he was from
Cyprus “because I knew where it was heading,” he told Sveriges Radio on
Tuesday. “They said: ‘Where are the Israelis staying, we want to bomb
the place,’” Amir said. “It wasn’t a joke.”
